HLTAID014 Provide Advanced First Aid Presentation

<p class="slide-topic">First Aid Guidelines</p>

## What Guides First Aid

- Follow ARC/ANZCOR guidance and current workplace procedures
- Use infection control and standard precautions every time
- Keep skills, first aid kits and AED checks current

Note:
<h2 id="guideline-sources"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#guideline-sources">Guideline Sources</a></h2>
<p>Australian first aid practice is guided by ARC/ANZCOR resuscitation guidance, recognised clinical bodies and workplace health and safety requirements.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Source</th>
<th>What It Supports</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ARC/ANZCOR guidelines</td>
<td>Resuscitation, AED use and emergency response priorities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Code of Practice First Aid in the Workplace</td>
<td>First aid risk assessment, kit access and workplace planning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Workplace procedures</td>
<td>Site-specific hazards, reporting and escalation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="infection-control"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#infection-control">Infection Control</a></h2>
<p>Use standard precautions before providing care:</p>
<ul>
<li>Perform hand hygiene where possible</li>
<li>Wear gloves and use resuscitation barrier devices when available</li>
<li>Avoid contact with blood and body fluids</li>
<li>Dispose of contaminated waste according to workplace procedure</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="currency-and-equipment"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#currency-and-equipment">Currency and Equipment</a></h2>
<p>First aid arrangements must stay ready for use. Check that:</p>
<ul>
<li>First aid qualifications and refresher training remain current</li>
<li>Kits are accessible, stocked and within expiry dates</li>
<li>AEDs are checked, charged and ready according to the manufacturer and site process</li>
<li>Local procedures are known before an incident occurs</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="working-safely"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#working-safely">Working Safely</a></h2>
<p>Before helping, check for danger and reduce risk where you can. Do not enter an unsafe scene; call 000 and wait for specialist help if the hazard cannot be controlled.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">First Aid Guidelines</p>

## Workplace Practice

- Identify hazards before approaching a casualty
- Work within training, equipment and site rules
- Report, restock and document according to procedure

---

<p class="slide-topic">Sharps Injuries</p>

## Immediate Actions

- Do not squeeze or suck the wound.
- Wash the area well with soap and running water.
- Cover the wound and report the injury.
- Seek medical advice for infection risk assessment.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A sharps injury is a cut or puncture from a needle, lancet, scalpel, or other sharp item. It may expose the first aider to blood-borne infection, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or HIV.</p>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Stay calm and stop the activity safely.</li>
<li>Do not squeeze, suck, or scrub the wound aggressively.</li>
<li>Wash the area thoroughly with soap and running water.</li>
<li>Cover with a clean dressing.</li>
<li>Report the incident according to workplace procedure.</li>
<li>Seek medical advice promptly for blood-borne virus risk assessment and follow-up.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="disposal"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#disposal">Disposal</a></h2>
<p>Used sharps must go into a rigid, puncture-resistant sharps container as soon as possible.</p>
<ul>
<li>Do not place sharps in ordinary rubbish.</li>
<li>Do not recap or bend needles.</li>
<li>Do not overfill the sharps container.</li>
<li>Keep other people away from contaminated items until they are made safe.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Sharps Injuries</p>

## Safe Disposal

- Place used sharps straight into an approved rigid sharps container.
- Do not recap, bend, or pass needles by hand.
- Keep the container upright, closed, and out of reach.
- Follow workplace reporting and exposure procedures.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Legal Issues in First Aid</p>

## Legal Basics

- Act with reasonable care once you start helping
- Gain consent from a conscious casualty before treatment
- Consent is implied if the casualty is unconscious

Note:
<h2 id="duty-of-care"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#duty-of-care">Duty of Care</a></h2>
<p>A first aider may have a duty to act because of their role, workplace procedure or because they have started assisting. Provide care that is reasonable for your training, the situation and the resources available.</p>
<h2 id="consent"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#consent">Consent</a></h2>
<p>Ask permission before helping a conscious casualty. Explain what you plan to do in simple language and respect refusal unless the situation changes.</p>
<p>If the casualty is unconscious or unable to respond, consent is generally implied for urgent first aid.</p>
<h2 id="privacy"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#privacy">Privacy</a></h2>
<p>Treat casualty information as private. Share details only with emergency services, workplace supervisors or healthcare staff who need the information for care or reporting.</p>
<h2 id="own-limitations"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#own-limitations">Own Limitations</a></h2>
<p>First aiders should:</p>
<ul>
<li>Work within their training and workplace procedures</li>
<li>Call 000 early when the problem is serious or uncertain</li>
<li>Avoid attempting procedures they are not trained or equipped to perform</li>
<li>Continue care until help arrives, it becomes unsafe, or another suitable person takes over</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="good-samaritan-principles"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#good-samaritan-principles">Good Samaritan Principles</a></h2>
<p>Australian jurisdictions generally recognise people who provide emergency help in good faith. This does not remove the need to act carefully, avoid reckless behaviour and follow current training.</p>
<h2 id="stress-and-self-care"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#stress-and-self-care">Stress and Self-Care</a></h2>
<p>First aid incidents can be confronting. After an incident, use workplace reporting, debriefing, peer support or professional help if needed.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Legal Issues in First Aid</p>

## Professional Boundaries

- Stay within your training and available equipment
- Protect privacy and share information only as needed
- Use support and self-care after stressful incidents

---

<p class="slide-topic">Responding to First Aid Incidents</p>

## First Response

- Check for danger before entering the scene
- Use DRSABCD to find immediate life threats
- Call 000 early for serious illness, injury or collapse

Note:
<h2 id="scene-safety"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#scene-safety">Scene Safety</a></h2>
<p>Check for danger to yourself, bystanders and the casualty. Move only if needed for safety or to provide essential care.</p>
<h2 id="drsabcd-overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#drsabcd-overview">DRSABCD Overview</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>D</td>
<td>Check for danger</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>R</td>
<td>Check for response</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S</td>
<td>Send for help; call 000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Open and check the airway</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
<td>Check for normal breathing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C</td>
<td>Start CPR if not breathing normally</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>D</td>
<td>Attach and follow an AED</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="recognising-unresponsiveness"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#recognising-unresponsiveness">Recognising Unresponsiveness</a></h2>
<p>A casualty who does not respond to voice or gentle touch is unresponsive. Abnormal breathing includes gasping, irregular breathing or not breathing at all. Treat this as an emergency and call 000.</p>
<h2 id="chain-of-survival"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#chain-of-survival">Chain of Survival</a></h2>
<p>Survival is more likely when people recognise arrest early, call emergency services, start CPR, use an AED and transfer care to paramedics quickly.</p>
<h2 id="continuing-or-stopping-cpr"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#continuing-or-stopping-cpr">Continuing or Stopping CPR</a></h2>
<p>Continue CPR until:</p>
<ul>
<li>The casualty shows clear signs of recovery and normal breathing</li>
<li>An AED or emergency responder instructs you to stop</li>
<li>Another trained person takes over</li>
<li>You are too exhausted to continue</li>
<li>The scene becomes unsafe</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Responding to First Aid Incidents</p>

## Chain of Survival

- Recognise cardiac arrest and call for help
- Start CPR with minimal interruptions
- Use an AED as soon as available
- Hand over clearly to emergency services

---

<p class="slide-topic">Responding to First Aid Incidents</p>

## When CPR Stops

- Continue until the casualty recovers or breathes normally
- Stop if an AED or emergency responder tells you to
- Stop if the scene becomes unsafe or you are exhausted

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)</p>

## CPR Priorities

- Start CPR if the casualty is unresponsive and not breathing normally
- Use 30 compressions to 2 breaths
- Compress at about 100-120 per minute
- Minimise pauses between cycles

Note:
<h2 id="when-to-start-cpr"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-start-cpr">When to Start CPR</a></h2>
<p>Start CPR when a casualty is unresponsive and not breathing normally. Gasping or irregular breathing is not normal breathing.</p>
<h2 id="compression-and-breathing-rate"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#compression-and-breathing-rate">Compression and Breathing Rate</a></h2>
<p>Use a cycle of 30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths. Compress at about 100-120 compressions per minute and allow the chest to recoil between compressions.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Casualty</th>
<th>Compression Method</th>
<th>Depth</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Adult</td>
<td>Two hands in the centre of the chest</td>
<td>About one third chest depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Child</td>
<td>One or two hands in the centre of the chest</td>
<td>About one third chest depth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Infant</td>
<td>Two fingers in the centre of the chest</td>
<td>About one third chest depth</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="rescue-breaths"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#rescue-breaths">Rescue Breaths</a></h2>
<p>Open the airway, seal over the mouth and give enough air to make the chest rise. For infants, cover the mouth and nose if possible and use smaller breaths.</p>
<h2 id="minimise-interruptions"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#minimise-interruptions">Minimise Interruptions</a></h2>
<p>Keep pauses short. Change rescuers if someone is available and fatigue is reducing compression quality.</p>
<h2 id="when-to-continue-or-stop"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-continue-or-stop">When to Continue or Stop</a></h2>
<p>Continue CPR until:</p>
<ul>
<li>The casualty recovers and breathes normally</li>
<li>An AED or emergency responder instructs you to stop</li>
<li>Another trained person takes over</li>
<li>You are exhausted</li>
<li>The scene becomes unsafe</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)</p>

## Compression Differences

- Adult: two hands in the centre of the chest
- Child: one or two hands, depending on size
- Infant: two fingers in the centre of the chest
- Aim for one third of chest depth

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)</p>

## Keep Going

- Continue until normal breathing returns
- Use an AED as soon as it arrives
- Stop only for safety, exhaustion, handover or instruction

---

<p class="slide-topic">Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)</p>

## Using an AED

- Turn it on as soon as it arrives
- Bare and dry the chest before placing pads
- Follow the voice and screen prompts
- Keep CPR going unless the AED tells you to pause

Note:
<h2 id="purpose"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#purpose">Purpose</a></h2>
<p>An AED checks the heart rhythm and may deliver a shock for some causes of cardiac arrest. Early defibrillation, combined with CPR, improves survival.</p>
<h2 id="how-to-use-an-aed"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#how-to-use-an-aed">How to Use an AED</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Turn the AED on and follow the prompts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Expose the chest and remove moisture or excess hair if needed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>Place pads as shown on the diagrams</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Keep everyone clear during analysis and shock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Resume CPR immediately when instructed</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="children-and-infants"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#children-and-infants">Children and Infants</a></h2>
<p>Use paediatric pads or a paediatric setting if available. If they are not available, use the standard AED and follow the prompts, ensuring pads do not touch each other.</p>
<h2 id="safety"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#safety">Safety</a></h2>
<p>Do not touch the casualty during rhythm analysis or shock delivery. Make sure oxygen, water and bystanders are clear of the casualty before pressing the shock button.</p>
<h2 id="maintenance"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#maintenance">Maintenance</a></h2>
<p>Workplaces should check AED readiness according to the manufacturer and local procedure. Confirm that pads are in date, the battery is ready and the status indicator shows the device is available.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)</p>

## Shock Safety

- Make sure no one touches the casualty during analysis or shock
- Say "stand clear" and check visually before pressing shock
- Resume CPR immediately when prompted

---

<p class="slide-topic">Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs)</p>

## Readiness Checks

- Know where the AED is located
- Check battery, pads and status indicators
- Use paediatric pads or setting for children if available

---

<p class="slide-topic">Upper-Airway Management</p>

## Airway Priorities

- Airway takes priority over suspected spinal injury
- Open the airway gently and check breathing
- Remove only visible loose material
- Call 000 if breathing is absent or abnormal

Note:
<h2 id="why-airway-comes-first"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#why-airway-comes-first">Why Airway Comes First</a></h2>
<p>A blocked airway can become fatal quickly. If airway care conflicts with concern for the spine, manage the airway first and minimise movement as much as possible.</p>
<h2 id="opening-the-airway"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#opening-the-airway">Opening the Airway</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Casualty</th>
<th>Position</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Adult</td>
<td>Head tilt-chin lift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Child</td>
<td>Gentle head tilt-chin lift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Infant</td>
<td>Neutral head position</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Look in the mouth only if needed. Remove loose, visible material carefully with your fingers. Do not sweep blindly.</p>
<h2 id="recovery-position"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#recovery-position">Recovery Position</a></h2>
<p>Place an unconscious casualty who is breathing normally into the recovery position, unless movement would create greater danger. Keep the airway open and monitor breathing.</p>
<h2 id="suspected-spinal-injury"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#suspected-spinal-injury">Suspected Spinal Injury</a></h2>
<p>Support the head and neck and avoid unnecessary movement, but do not delay airway opening, rescue breathing or CPR when they are needed.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Upper-Airway Management</p>

## Position and Technique

- Adult and child: head tilt-chin lift
- Infant: keep the head neutral
- Use the recovery position if breathing and unconscious
- Keep monitoring until help arrives

---

<p class="slide-topic">First Aid Medication</p>

## First Aider Limits

- Workplace first aid kits usually do not include Schedule medicines.
- First aiders do not diagnose or prescribe.
- Assist only within training, workplace protocol, and the casualty's consent.
- Never give your own prescription medicine to someone else.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Medication in first aid must be handled carefully. In most workplaces, first aid kits are for first aid supplies, not Schedule medicines.</p>
<p>First aiders should follow their training, workplace procedures, product instructions, and local law.</p>
<h2 id="what-first-aiders-may-do"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#what-first-aiders-may-do">What First Aiders May Do</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Help a casualty take their own prescribed medication, such as an inhaler, if they are able to consent or it is covered by protocol.</li>
<li>Assist with an adrenaline autoinjector or asthma reliever when trained to do so.</li>
<li>Follow approved workplace procedures for medicines kept on site.</li>
<li>Consider aspirin for suspected cardiac chest pain only if protocol allows and there is no known reason to avoid it.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="what-to-avoid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#what-to-avoid">What To Avoid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not give your own prescription medicine to a casualty.</li>
<li>Do not offer medication outside training or workplace procedure.</li>
<li>Do not pressure a casualty to take medication.</li>
<li>Do not leave medication use undocumented.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="documentation"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#documentation">Documentation</a></h2>
<p>Record the casualty's name, the medication, dose if known, time given, who assisted, and the reason it was used. Hand this information to ambulance or medical staff.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">First Aid Medication</p>

## When Assisting

- Help a casualty use their own prescribed medicine when appropriate.
- Use autoinjectors or reliever inhalers as trained and authorised.
- Aspirin for chest pain may be used only if workplace protocol allows.
- Record what was given, when, and why.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Secondary Assessment</p>

## When To Start

- Complete DRSABCD first.
- Control life threats before moving on.
- Use the secondary assessment to find less obvious problems.
- Reassess regularly because conditions can change.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A secondary assessment is done after DRSABCD and after immediate life threats have been managed. It helps identify injuries, illness clues, and changes that may not be obvious at first.</p>
<h2 id="sample-history"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#sample-history">SAMPLE History</a></h2>
<p>Ask simple questions if the casualty can respond. If they cannot, ask bystanders or look for medical alerts.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Letter</th>
<th>Ask About</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>S</td>
<td>Signs and symptoms</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Allergies</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>M</td>
<td>Medications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P</td>
<td>Past medical history</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>L</td>
<td>Last meal or drink</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>E</td>
<td>Events leading up to the problem</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="head-to-toe-check"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#head-to-toe-check">Head-To-Toe Check</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Explain what you are doing and gain consent where possible.</li>
<li>Look and gently feel for bleeding, swelling, pain, deformity, heat, or tenderness.</li>
<li>Check the head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, limbs, and back if safe to do so.</li>
<li>Avoid unnecessary movement if spinal injury is suspected.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="vital-signs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#vital-signs">Vital Signs</a></h2>
<p>Normal adult values vary, but useful approximate ranges are:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Check</th>
<th>Approximate Adult Range</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Temperature</td>
<td>Around 37°C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Respiratory rate</td>
<td>12-20 breaths per minute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heart rate</td>
<td>60-100 beats per minute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blood pressure</td>
<td>Around 120/80 mmHg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Oxygen saturation</td>
<td>95-100%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The radial pulse at the wrist is commonly used when checking circulation. Record findings, repeat them, and watch for trends such as rising pulse, worsening breathing, or falling responsiveness.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Secondary Assessment</p>

## SAMPLE History

- Signs and symptoms.
- Allergies and medications.
- Past medical history and last meal.
- Events leading to the problem.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Secondary Assessment</p>

## Baseline Checks

- Look head-to-toe for pain, bleeding, swelling, or deformity.
- Check breathing, pulse, skin, and level of response.
- Adult ranges: RR 12-20, HR 60-100, SpO2 95-100%.
- Compare findings over time and report changes.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Triage</p>

## First Priorities

- Call 000 early and give clear location details.
- Make the scene as safe as possible.
- Use a rapid primary survey for each casualty.
- Ask able casualties to move or assist if safe.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Triage is the rapid sorting of casualties by urgency during a multi-casualty incident. The aim is to do the greatest good with the help and equipment available.</p>
<h2 id="first-actions"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-actions">First Actions</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Check for danger before entering the area.</li>
<li>Call 000 early and describe the type of incident, hazards, number of casualties, and access points.</li>
<li>Use loud, simple instructions such as asking walking casualties to move to a safe area.</li>
<li>Use able casualties or bystanders to help with simple tasks if safe.</li>
<li>Complete a rapid primary survey and move on unless immediate life-saving action is needed.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="categories"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#categories">Categories</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Category</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Priority</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Red</td>
<td>Immediate</td>
<td>Life-threatening problem needing urgent treatment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yellow</td>
<td>Urgent or delayed</td>
<td>Serious injury or illness, but can wait briefly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Green</td>
<td>Walking wounded</td>
<td>Minor injuries or able to move</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black</td>
<td>Deceased or expectant</td>
<td>No signs of life or survival unlikely in the situation</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="reassessment"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#reassessment">Reassessment</a></h2>
<p>Triage is not a one-time decision. Recheck casualties when resources arrive, when a casualty deteriorates, or when the scene changes.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Triage</p>

## Triage Categories

- Red: immediate life-saving treatment needed.
- Yellow: urgent care, but can wait briefly.
- Green: walking wounded or minor injuries.
- Black: deceased or expectant care under local systems.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Elderly and Infirm Casualties</p>

## Extra Risks

- Older or infirm casualties may have several medical conditions.
- Medicines can affect bleeding, alertness, heart rate, or blood pressure.
- Skin and bones may be fragile.
- They can become cold quickly.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Elderly and infirm casualties may be more vulnerable to injury, shock, hypothermia, and complications. Small mechanisms can still cause serious harm.</p>
<h2 id="assessment-considerations"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#assessment-considerations">Assessment Considerations</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Ask about existing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, breathing problems, or dementia.</li>
<li>Check medication use, especially blood thinners, insulin, heart medicine, or sedatives.</li>
<li>Handle skin carefully because tears and bruising may occur easily.</li>
<li>Treat falls seriously, even when pain seems mild.</li>
<li>Keep the casualty warm and off cold surfaces where possible.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="communication"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#communication">Communication</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Speak clearly and use short instructions.</li>
<li>Allow extra time for hearing, speech, or processing difficulties.</li>
<li>Use glasses, hearing aids, communication boards, carers, or family if available.</li>
<li>Do not assume confusion is normal for the person.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="consent-and-directions"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#consent-and-directions">Consent And Directions</a></h2>
<p>Some casualties may have advance care plans, medical alerts, or do-not-resuscitate jewellery. Follow local law and workplace protocol. Unless there is a clear lawful direction that applies, continue to provide first aid.</p>
<p>If the casualty cannot understand, communicate, or decide, provide care in their best interests and call 000 when needed.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Elderly and Infirm Casualties</p>

## Consent And Care

- Speak clearly, slowly, and respectfully.
- Check for medical alerts, care plans, or DNR jewellery.
- Continue first aid unless there is a clear lawful direction and local protocol.
- If the person lacks capacity, act in their best interests.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Major Hemorrhage</p>

## Life-Threatening Bleeding

- Treat major haemorrhage before less urgent injuries
- Apply firm direct pressure immediately
- Call 000 and keep pressure on

Note:
<h2 id="recognition"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#recognition">Recognition</a></h2>
<p>Major haemorrhage is bleeding that is heavy, spurting, pooling, soaking through dressings or cannot be controlled quickly. It is a life-threatening priority.</p>
<h2 id="immediate-actions"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#immediate-actions">Immediate Actions</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Check danger and use gloves if available</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Apply firm direct pressure over the bleeding point</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>Call 000 or direct someone else to call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Add dressings and maintain pressure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Treat for shock and monitor breathing</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="tourniquets"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#tourniquets">Tourniquets</a></h2>
<p>For severe limb bleeding that direct pressure does not control, apply a tourniquet 5-7 cm above the wound and not over a joint. Tighten until bleeding stops and note the time.</p>
<p>Do not remove a tourniquet once applied. Hand over the time and location to emergency services.</p>
<h2 id="haemostatic-dressings"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#haemostatic-dressings">Haemostatic Dressings</a></h2>
<p>Use haemostatic dressing only if trained and the equipment is available. Pack or apply according to training and maintain firm pressure.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Major Hemorrhage</p>

## When Pressure Fails

- Use a tourniquet for severe limb bleeding not controlled by pressure
- Place it 5-7 cm above the wound, not over a joint
- Use haemostatic dressing only if trained and available
- Record the time applied

---

<p class="slide-topic">Shock</p>

## Recognising Shock

- Shock means the body is not getting enough blood flow
- Skin may be pale, cool or clammy
- Pulse may be rapid and the casualty anxious or weak

Note:
<h2 id="what-shock-means"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#what-shock-means">What Shock Means</a></h2>
<p>Shock is inadequate blood flow to the body's organs and tissues. It can follow bleeding, burns, allergic reaction, major injury or serious illness.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Pale, cool or clammy skin</li>
<li>Rapid pulse or breathing</li>
<li>Weakness, dizziness or collapse</li>
<li>Anxiety, restlessness or confusion</li>
<li>Nausea or thirst</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Action</th>
<th>Detail</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Call 000</td>
<td>Shock can worsen quickly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Control bleeding</td>
<td>Apply pressure, dressings or a tourniquet if indicated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Position</td>
<td>Lie the casualty down if breathing comfortably</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Warmth</td>
<td>Protect from cold without overheating</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nil by mouth</td>
<td>Do not give food, drink or medication</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="monitoring"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#monitoring">Monitoring</a></h2>
<p>Keep checking response, airway and breathing. Be ready to start CPR if the casualty becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Shock</p>

## First Aid

- Call 000 for suspected shock
- Control bleeding and treat the cause if possible
- Lie the casualty down and keep them warm
- Give nothing to eat or drink

---

<p class="slide-topic">Wound Care</p>

## Basic Wound Care

- Wear gloves and control bleeding first
- Rinse minor wounds with clean water or saline
- Cover with a sterile dressing
- Seek help for deep, dirty or high-risk wounds

Note:
<h2 id="priorities"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#priorities">Priorities</a></h2>
<p>Control bleeding, reduce contamination and arrange medical care when the wound is deep, dirty, gaping, caused by a bite or associated with major injury.</p>
<h2 id="cleaning-and-dressing"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#cleaning-and-dressing">Cleaning and Dressing</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Put on gloves if available</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Apply pressure if bleeding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>Rinse minor wounds with clean water or saline</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Cover with a sterile dressing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Monitor for bleeding, pain or infection risk</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Do not use harsh chemicals in the wound. Keep the dressing clean and dry until reviewed or changed.</p>
<h2 id="embedded-objects"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#embedded-objects">Embedded Objects</a></h2>
<p>Do not remove an embedded object. Stabilise it with bulky dressings and apply pressure around the object to control bleeding.</p>
<h2 id="amputated-parts"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#amputated-parts">Amputated Parts</a></h2>
<p>Wrap the part in clean, moist dressing or cloth, place it in a sealed bag, and keep it cool. Do not place it directly on ice or in water.</p>
<h2 id="when-to-seek-medical-help"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-seek-medical-help">When to Seek Medical Help</a></h2>
<p>Seek medical advice for wounds that are deep, contaminated, caused by an animal or human bite, involve the face, hands or genitals, or may need tetanus review.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Wound Care</p>

## Special Wounds

- Leave embedded objects in place
- Keep pressure around, not on, the object
- Wrap amputated parts moist and cool
- Do not place body parts directly on ice

---

<p class="slide-topic">Burns</p>

## Burn First Aid

- Cool the burn under clean running water for 20 minutes
- Remove jewellery or tight items if easy to do
- Cover with a clean non-stick dressing
- Do not use ice, creams or butter

Note:
<h2 id="immediate-cooling"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#immediate-cooling">Immediate Cooling</a></h2>
<p>Cool the burn under clean running water for 20 minutes as soon as possible. Cooling helps reduce pain and tissue damage.</p>
<h2 id="covering-the-burn"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#covering-the-burn">Covering the Burn</a></h2>
<p>After cooling, cover the area with a clean, non-stick dressing or clean plastic film. Keep the casualty warm, as burns can contribute to shock.</p>
<h2 id="do-and-do-not"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#do-and-do-not">Do and Do Not</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Do</th>
<th>Do Not</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cool with clean running water</td>
<td>Apply ice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Remove jewellery if it is not stuck</td>
<td>Break blisters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cover with a non-stick dressing</td>
<td>Apply creams, butter or oils</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Call 000 for serious burns</td>
<td>Pull away clothing stuck to the burn</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="chemical-burns"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#chemical-burns">Chemical Burns</a></h2>
<p>Remove contaminated clothing if safe and flush the area with running water. Brush off dry powder before flushing if this can be done safely.</p>
<h2 id="electrical-burns"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#electrical-burns">Electrical Burns</a></h2>
<p>Do not touch the casualty until the power source is isolated. Once safe, use DRSABCD and call 000.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Burns</p>

## Special Burns

- Chemical: brush off dry powder, then flush with water
- Electrical: isolate power before touching the casualty
- Call 000 for serious, large or high-risk burns

---

<p class="slide-topic">Nose Bleed</p>

## Nose Bleed First Aid

- Sit the casualty upright and leaning forward
- Pinch the soft part of the nose below the bone
- Hold pressure for 10-20 minutes
- Do not tilt the head back

Note:
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<p>Most nose bleeds can be managed with position and pressure.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Step</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>Sit the casualty upright</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>Lean them forward so blood drains from the nose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>Pinch the soft part below the nasal bone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>Hold steady pressure for 10-20 minutes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>Encourage quiet breathing through the mouth</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="avoid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#avoid">Avoid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not tilt the head back</li>
<li>Do not pack the nose unless directed by medical care</li>
<li>Do not keep checking too early, as this can restart bleeding</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="when-to-get-help"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-get-help">When to Get Help</a></h2>
<p>Seek medical help if bleeding is heavy, follows major injury, lasts longer than 20 minutes, or the casualty is taking blood-thinning medication.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Recognising Choking

- Mild obstruction: casualty can cough, breathe or speak
- Severe obstruction: ineffective cough, no sound, distress or collapse
- Call 000 if obstruction is severe or worsening

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Choking occurs when food, fluid or another object blocks the airway. The response depends on whether the casualty can still cough effectively.</p>
<h2 id="mild-and-severe-choking"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#mild-and-severe-choking">Mild and Severe Choking</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Signs</th>
<th>First Aid</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Mild</td>
<td>Effective cough, able to breathe or speak</td>
<td>Encourage coughing and monitor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Severe</td>
<td>Ineffective cough, unable to speak, breathe or cry, distress, blue colour or collapse</td>
<td>Call 000 and provide back blows and chest thrusts</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="treatment"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#treatment">Treatment</a></h2>
<p>For severe choking, give up to 5 sharp back blows between the shoulder blades. If the blockage does not clear, give up to 5 chest thrusts.</p>
<p>Check after each blow or thrust. Stop if the obstruction clears.</p>
<h2 id="unconscious-casualty"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#unconscious-casualty">Unconscious Casualty</a></h2>
<p>If the casualty becomes unconscious, lower them safely, call 000 and start CPR if they are not breathing normally. Before rescue breaths, look in the mouth and remove only loose, visible material.</p>
<h2 id="important-note"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#important-note">Important Note</a></h2>
<p>Abdominal thrusts, often called the Heimlich manoeuvre, are not used in Australian first aid guidance. Use back blows and chest thrusts.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Conscious Casualty

- Encourage coughing for mild choking
- For severe choking, give up to 5 back blows
- If not cleared, give up to 5 chest thrusts
- Recheck after each blow or thrust

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Unconscious Casualty

- Lower them safely and call 000
- Start CPR if not breathing normally
- Check the mouth before breaths and remove only visible material
- Do not use abdominal thrusts

---

<p class="slide-topic">Eye Injuries</p>

## Eye Injury Priorities

- Do not rub or press on the eye
- Flush chemicals with running water for a long time
- Leave embedded objects in place
- Seek urgent medical help for serious eye injury

Note:
<h2 id="general-care"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#general-care">General Care</a></h2>
<p>Eye injuries can worsen with pressure or rubbing. Reassure the casualty, avoid touching the eye and arrange medical care when vision, pain or penetration is involved.</p>
<h2 id="chemical-exposure"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#chemical-exposure">Chemical Exposure</a></h2>
<p>Flush the affected eye immediately with clean running water or saline. Hold the eyelids open if possible and keep flushing for a long time, especially for strong chemicals.</p>
<h2 id="foreign-bodies-and-penetrating-injury"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#foreign-bodies-and-penetrating-injury">Foreign Bodies and Penetrating Injury</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Situation</th>
<th>First Aid</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Loose surface particle</td>
<td>Rinse gently with clean water or saline</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Embedded object</td>
<td>Do not remove; stabilise and seek urgent help</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Penetrating injury</td>
<td>Cover both eyes lightly and call 000</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="covering-both-eyes"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#covering-both-eyes">Covering Both Eyes</a></h2>
<p>Covering both eyes helps reduce eye movement. Use light dressings and avoid pressure on the injured eye.</p>
<h2 id="when-to-call-000"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-call-000">When to Call 000</a></h2>
<p>Call 000 for penetrating injury, chemical burns, severe pain, sudden vision loss, or injury associated with major trauma.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Eye Injuries</p>

## Covering the Eye

- For penetrating injury, cover both eyes lightly
- Keep the casualty still and reassured
- Call 000 for severe pain, vision loss or penetration

---

<p class="slide-topic">Head Injuries</p>

## Assume Serious Injury

- Head injuries may involve concussion, bleeding or brain injury
- Monitor consciousness and breathing
- Call 000 for loss of consciousness or worsening signs

Note:
<h2 id="why-head-injuries-matter"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#why-head-injuries-matter">Why Head Injuries Matter</a></h2>
<p>Head injuries can affect the brain and may worsen over time. Treat any loss of consciousness, confusion or deteriorating behaviour as serious.</p>
<h2 id="warning-signs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#warning-signs">Warning Signs</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Loss of consciousness, even briefly</li>
<li>Worsening headache or repeated vomiting</li>
<li>Confusion, drowsiness or unusual behaviour</li>
<li>Seizure</li>
<li>Unequal pupils, weakness or poor coordination</li>
<li>Blood or fluid from the ear or nose after trauma</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Priority</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Airway</td>
<td>Maintain airway and breathing first</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Movement</td>
<td>Keep the casualty still and avoid unnecessary movement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bleeding</td>
<td>Control bleeding with gentle pressure unless skull injury is suspected</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Monitoring</td>
<td>Recheck response and breathing regularly</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="vomiting-or-airway-risk"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#vomiting-or-airway-risk">Vomiting or Airway Risk</a></h2>
<p>If the casualty is vomiting or cannot protect their airway, place them in the recovery position while supporting the head and neck as well as possible.</p>
<h2 id="when-to-call-000"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-call-000">When to Call 000</a></h2>
<p>Call 000 for loss of consciousness, worsening symptoms, seizure, serious mechanism of injury, suspected skull injury or any concern about breathing.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Head Injuries</p>

## First Aid

- Keep the casualty still and reassured
- Manage airway and breathing as the priority
- Use recovery position if vomiting and airway protection is needed
- Control bleeding without firm pressure on skull deformity

---

<p class="slide-topic">Spinal Injuries</p>

## Suspect Spinal Injury

- Consider spine injury after falls, crashes, diving or head trauma
- Ask the casualty to stay still
- Support the head and neck in line
- Call 000 for suspected serious injury

Note:
<h2 id="when-to-suspect-spinal-injury"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-suspect-spinal-injury">When to Suspect Spinal Injury</a></h2>
<p>Suspect spinal injury after significant falls, vehicle crashes, diving incidents, heavy impacts, head injury or when the casualty has neck/back pain, weakness, numbness or altered sensation.</p>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Priority</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Safety</td>
<td>Do not move the casualty unless needed for safety or airway</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Support</td>
<td>Keep the head, neck and torso as still and aligned as possible</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Reassurance</td>
<td>Ask the casualty not to move and explain what you are doing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Help</td>
<td>Call 000 and follow instructions</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="airway-priority"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#airway-priority">Airway Priority</a></h2>
<p>Airway and breathing remain the priority. If the casualty is not breathing normally, open the airway and start CPR. If they vomit or the airway is at risk, roll them only as much as needed while supporting the head and neck.</p>
<h2 id="position"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#position">Position</a></h2>
<p>If the casualty is breathing normally and the scene is safe, leave them in the position found. Continue monitoring response and breathing until emergency services arrive.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Spinal Injuries</p>

## Airway Comes First

- Minimise movement, but do not ignore airway problems
- Leave the casualty as found if breathing and safe
- Roll only if needed for airway, vomiting or safety

---

<p class="slide-topic">Fractures</p>

## Recognise

- A fracture is a break or crack in a bone
- Closed fractures keep the skin intact
- Open fractures have a wound, and bone may be visible
- Suspect a fracture after pain, swelling, deformity, or loss of use

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A fracture is a break, crack, or chip in a bone. First aid aims to reduce movement, control bleeding, and arrange timely medical care.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>What It Means</th>
<th>First Aid Focus</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Closed fracture</td>
<td>The skin remains unbroken</td>
<td>Support and immobilise the limb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Open fracture</td>
<td>There is a wound, and bone may be exposed</td>
<td>Control bleeding, cover the wound, and call 000</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Pain at or near the injury site</li>
<li>Swelling, bruising, or deformity</li>
<li>Difficulty moving or using the limb</li>
<li>Tenderness, grating, or abnormal movement</li>
<li>Pale, cold, numb, or tingling fingers or toes beyond the injury</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD and manage any life-threatening bleeding first.</li>
<li>Keep the person still and reassure them.</li>
<li>Support the injured part in the position found.</li>
<li>Immobilise the joints above and below the injury if this can be done without causing more pain.</li>
<li>For an open fracture, control bleeding with padding around the wound and cover it with a sterile or clean dressing.</li>
<li>Call 000 for an open fracture, major injury, suspected spine/pelvis fracture, poor circulation, severe pain, or if transport is unsafe.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="do-not"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#do-not">Do Not</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not push exposed bone back under the skin.</li>
<li>Do not force the limb straight.</li>
<li>Do not massage the injury.</li>
<li>Do not give food or drink if urgent surgery may be needed.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Fractures</p>

## First Aid

- Keep the person still and support the injured part
- Immobilise above and below the injury if safe
- Control bleeding with dressings around an open wound
- Call 000 for open, major, or complicated fractures

---

<p class="slide-topic">Fractures</p>

## Avoid

- Do not push exposed bone back in
- Do not straighten a badly deformed limb
- Do not give food or drink if surgery may be needed
- Monitor circulation, sensation, and movement beyond the injury

---

<p class="slide-topic">Dislocations</p>

## Recognise

- A dislocation happens when a bone is forced out of a joint
- The joint may look deformed, painful, swollen, or locked
- Movement may be limited or impossible
- Check for numbness, tingling, or poor circulation beyond the joint

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A dislocation is a joint injury where the bone ends are displaced from their normal position. It can damage nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and nearby bone.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Severe pain at the joint</li>
<li>Obvious deformity or an unusual joint position</li>
<li>Swelling, bruising, or tenderness</li>
<li>Reduced or absent movement</li>
<li>Numbness, tingling, pale skin, or weak pulse beyond the injury</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD and treat any other serious injuries.</li>
<li>Keep the person still and support the injured joint in the position found.</li>
<li>Immobilise the joint with padding, a sling, or bandages if this does not increase pain.</li>
<li>Apply an ice pack wrapped in cloth for short periods if available.</li>
<li>Seek medical aid. Dislocations need professional assessment, even if the joint appears to go back in.</li>
<li>Call 000 if pain is severe, the limb is cold or pale, circulation is reduced, or transport is unsafe.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="do-not"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#do-not">Do Not</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not try to relocate the joint.</li>
<li>Do not pull, twist, or straighten the limb.</li>
<li>Do not allow the person to keep using the injured joint.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Dislocations</p>

## First Aid

- Support the joint in the position found
- Use padding, slings, or bandages to reduce movement
- Apply a cold pack if available and tolerated
- Seek medical aid for assessment and reduction

---

<p class="slide-topic">Dislocations</p>

## Avoid

- Do not force the joint back into place
- Do not repeatedly test movement
- Do not give food or drink if sedation may be needed
- Call 000 if circulation is poor or pain is severe

---

<p class="slide-topic">Strains and Sprains</p>

## Recognise

- Sprains involve ligaments around a joint
- Strains involve muscles or tendons
- Pain, swelling, bruising, and reduced movement are common
- Treat as a fracture if deformity, severe pain, or loss of function is present

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Strains and sprains are soft tissue injuries. They are common in sport, work, and falls, and can look similar to fractures in the early stage.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Injury</th>
<th>Tissue Involved</th>
<th>Common Features</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Sprain</td>
<td>Ligaments around a joint</td>
<td>Joint pain, swelling, bruising, instability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Strain</td>
<td>Muscle or tendon</td>
<td>Muscle pain, spasm, weakness, reduced movement</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Pain at the injury site</li>
<li>Swelling or bruising</li>
<li>Reduced movement or strength</li>
<li>Tenderness when touched</li>
<li>Difficulty weight-bearing or using the limb</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="ricer-first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#ricer-first-aid">RICER First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Rest: stop the activity and avoid using the injured area.</li>
<li>Ice: apply a wrapped cold pack for short periods if available.</li>
<li>Compression: use a firm bandage that is not tight enough to cause numbness, tingling, or colour change.</li>
<li>Elevation: raise the injured part where practical.</li>
<li>Referral: seek medical advice if pain is severe, movement is limited, symptoms worsen, or a fracture is possible.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="avoid-harm"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#avoid-harm">Avoid HARM</a></h2>
<p>For the first stage after injury, avoid:</p>
<ul>
<li>Heat, including hot baths and heat packs</li>
<li>Alcohol, which can increase swelling and bleeding</li>
<li>Running or further exercise</li>
<li>Massage, which may worsen bleeding and swelling early on</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Strains and Sprains</p>

## RICER

- Rest the injured area and stop the activity
- Ice with a wrapped cold pack for short periods
- Compress with a firm bandage if comfortable
- Elevate and refer for medical review when needed

---

<p class="slide-topic">Strains and Sprains</p>

## Avoid HARM

- Avoid heat in the early stage
- Avoid alcohol because it can increase swelling and bleeding
- Avoid running or further exercise
- Avoid massage early after injury

---

<p class="slide-topic">Abdominal Injuries</p>

## Recognition

- Can be blunt, penetrating, or crush related.
- Look for pain, swelling, bruising, wounds, or rigidity.
- Watch for shock: pale, cool, sweaty, weak, or confused.
- Treat serious abdominal injury as urgent.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Abdominal injuries may be caused by blunt force, penetrating wounds, falls, blasts, or crush incidents. Internal bleeding and organ injury may not be obvious at first.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs And Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Abdominal pain, tenderness, swelling, or bruising.</li>
<li>Rigid or guarded abdomen.</li>
<li>Nausea or vomiting.</li>
<li>Bleeding, open wound, or exposed organs.</li>
<li>Signs of shock such as pale skin, sweating, thirst, weakness, confusion, or collapse.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD and call 000 for serious abdominal injury.</li>
<li>Help the casualty lie still in the most comfortable position.</li>
<li>Bending the knees may reduce abdominal strain.</li>
<li>Control external bleeding with gentle pressure around the wound.</li>
<li>Do not give food, drink, alcohol, or medication by mouth.</li>
<li>Monitor breathing, circulation, and responsiveness until help arrives.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="evisceration"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#evisceration">Evisceration</a></h2>
<p>If organs are protruding:</p>
<ul>
<li>Do not push them back inside.</li>
<li>Cover with a sterile dressing moistened with clean water or saline.</li>
<li>Keep the dressing moist and secure it loosely.</li>
<li>Treat for shock and wait for ambulance care.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Abdominal Injuries</p>

## First Aid

- Call 000 for serious pain, penetrating injury, evisceration, or shock.
- Let the casualty lie in a comfortable position, knees bent if helpful.
- Do not give food or drink.
- Cover exposed organs with a moist sterile dressing and do not push them back.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Crush Injuries</p>

## Immediate Care

- Check danger before approaching.
- Follow DRSABCD and call 000.
- Control severe external bleeding.
- Keep the casualty still, warm, and reassured.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A crush injury happens when part of the body is compressed by a heavy object, machinery, debris, or a vehicle. Damage may involve bleeding, fractures, swelling, nerve injury, or internal organ damage.</p>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Check for danger and do not enter an unsafe area.</li>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Call 000 for any significant crush injury.</li>
<li>Control external bleeding where possible.</li>
<li>Support the injured part and minimise movement.</li>
<li>Keep the casualty warm and monitor for shock.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="prolonged-crush"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#prolonged-crush">Prolonged Crush</a></h2>
<p>When a limb or large body area has been trapped for a prolonged time, toxins and fluid shifts can cause serious deterioration after release. This is often called crush syndrome.</p>
<ul>
<li>Call 000 before releasing the casualty if the situation allows.</li>
<li>Tell the call taker how long the casualty has been trapped.</li>
<li>Be ready to monitor airway, breathing, and responsiveness after release.</li>
<li>If the environment is immediately dangerous, move or release the casualty as needed to preserve life.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="after-release"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#after-release">After Release</a></h2>
<p>Continue primary care. Watch for worsening breathing, collapse, confusion, severe pain, or signs of shock, and update emergency services.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Crush Injuries</p>

## Prolonged Compression

- Prolonged crush may cause crush syndrome after release.
- Call 000 before release if possible.
- Do not delay release if there is immediate danger.
- Monitor airway and breathing closely after release.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Ear Injuries</p>

## Foreign Bodies

- Do not dig into the ear canal.
- Keep the casualty still and reassured.
- Insects may be floated out with oil only if the eardrum seems intact.
- Seek medical help if unsure, painful, or unsuccessful.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Ear injuries may involve foreign bodies, insects, bleeding, burns, impact, blast pressure, or a suspected ruptured eardrum. The ear canal and eardrum are delicate, so avoid probing.</p>
<h2 id="foreign-body"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#foreign-body">Foreign Body</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not dig with cotton buds, tweezers, fingers, or tools.</li>
<li>Keep the head still and the affected ear lower if that helps a loose object fall out.</li>
<li>Seek medical help if the object does not come out easily.</li>
<li>Do not pour fluid into the ear if a perforated eardrum is possible.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="insects"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#insects">Insects</a></h2>
<p>If an insect is in the ear and there is no reason to suspect eardrum perforation, a small amount of clean oil may help float or immobilise it. If there is pain, discharge, previous ear surgery, suspected perforation, or uncertainty, seek medical care instead.</p>
<h2 id="bleeding-and-blast-injury"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#bleeding-and-blast-injury">Bleeding And Blast Injury</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Place a light sterile pad over the ear.</li>
<li>Do not pack the ear canal.</li>
<li>Let fluid drain naturally if present.</li>
<li>Protect from further injury and arrange medical assessment.</li>
</ul>
<p>Blast, diving, impact, or sudden pressure change can rupture the eardrum. Symptoms may include pain, bleeding, ringing, dizziness, or hearing loss.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Ear Injuries</p>

## Bleeding Or Blast Injury

- Pad lightly over bleeding; do not plug deeply.
- Protect the ear from further contamination.
- Suspect eardrum rupture after blast, impact, or sudden pressure change.
- Arrange medical assessment.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Allergic Reaction</p>

## Recognise

- Mild to moderate reactions may cause rash, itch, swelling, or stomach upset
- Symptoms can progress, especially after food, insect stings, or medicines
- Watch closely for breathing trouble, throat swelling, or collapse
- Treat any airway, breathing, or circulation problem as anaphylaxis

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system reacts to something such as food, medicine, insect venom, latex, or another trigger. Mild symptoms can settle, but any reaction can progress.</p>
<h2 id="mild-to-moderate-signs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#mild-to-moderate-signs">Mild to Moderate Signs</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Itchy rash, hives, or redness</li>
<li>Swelling of the lips, face, or eyes without breathing difficulty</li>
<li>Tingling mouth</li>
<li>Abdominal pain or vomiting, especially after exposure to a known allergen</li>
<li>Sneezing, watery eyes, or runny nose</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD if the person is unwell.</li>
<li>Stop contact with the likely allergen if safe.</li>
<li>Help the person follow their allergy action plan.</li>
<li>Give an antihistamine if it is available and appropriate for that person or their plan.</li>
<li>Keep watching for any worsening symptoms.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="monitor-for-anaphylaxis"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#monitor-for-anaphylaxis">Monitor for Anaphylaxis</a></h2>
<p>Treat the reaction as anaphylaxis and act immediately if the person develops:</p>
<ul>
<li>Difficult or noisy breathing</li>
<li>Swelling of the tongue or throat</li>
<li>Wheeze, persistent cough, or voice change</li>
<li>Pale, floppy, confused, or collapsed appearance</li>
<li>Dizziness, faintness, or loss of consciousness</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Allergic Reaction</p>

## First Aid

- Stop exposure to the allergen if safe
- Follow the person's allergy action plan
- Give antihistamine if available and appropriate under the plan
- Monitor and be ready to treat anaphylaxis

---

<p class="slide-topic">Allergic Reaction</p>

## Escalate

- Call 000 if symptoms progress or anaphylaxis is suspected
- Use adrenaline first if signs of anaphylaxis appear
- Keep the person under observation
- Do not leave them alone

---

<p class="slide-topic">Anaphylaxis</p>

## Recognise

- Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction
- Look for breathing difficulty, throat or tongue swelling, or wheeze
- The person may become pale, floppy, confused, or collapse
- Symptoms can follow food, medicine, insect stings, or other allergens

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can quickly affect breathing and circulation. Adrenaline is the first-line treatment and should be given as soon as anaphylaxis is recognised.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<p>Anaphylaxis may include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Difficult or noisy breathing</li>
<li>Swelling of the tongue or throat</li>
<li>Wheeze, persistent cough, or voice change</li>
<li>Pale, floppy, confused, or collapsed appearance</li>
<li>Dizziness, faintness, or loss of consciousness</li>
</ul>
<p>Skin signs such as hives or swelling may be present, but anaphylaxis can occur without a widespread rash.</p>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow the person's ASCIA Action Plan if available.</li>
<li>Give an adrenaline autoinjector into the mid-outer thigh without delay.</li>
<li>Call 000 and say the person has anaphylaxis.</li>
<li>Lay the person flat. If breathing is difficult, allow them to sit with legs outstretched.</li>
<li>Do not allow them to stand or walk.</li>
<li>If there is no improvement after about 5 minutes, give a second adrenaline autoinjector if available.</li>
<li>If unconscious and breathing normally, place them in the recovery position.</li>
<li>If not breathing normally, start CPR and use an AED.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="aftercare"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#aftercare">Aftercare</a></h2>
<p>The person needs ambulance care even if symptoms improve. Anaphylaxis can return after initial recovery.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Anaphylaxis</p>

## Immediate Action

- Give adrenaline autoinjector into the mid-outer thigh
- Call 000 and state anaphylaxis
- Lay the person flat, or let them sit if breathing is difficult
- Give a second dose after about 5 minutes if not improving

---

<p class="slide-topic">Anaphylaxis</p>

## Position and Monitor

- Do not allow the person to stand or walk
- Place unconscious breathing casualty in the recovery position
- Start CPR and use an AED if they are not breathing normally
- Continue monitoring until ambulance arrives

---

<p class="slide-topic">Asthma</p>

## Recognise

- Asthma can cause wheeze, cough, chest tightness, or breathlessness
- Severe asthma may make speaking difficult
- The person may be anxious, pale, sweaty, or exhausted
- Blue lips or collapse are emergency signs

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Asthma is a condition where the airways narrow and become inflamed, making breathing difficult. Quick use of a reliever medicine can be lifesaving.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Wheeze or noisy breathing</li>
<li>Shortness of breath</li>
<li>Persistent cough</li>
<li>Chest tightness</li>
<li>Difficulty speaking in full sentences</li>
<li>Pale, sweaty, anxious, exhausted, or blue around the lips in severe cases</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="asthma-first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#asthma-first-aid">Asthma First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Sit the person upright and keep them calm.</li>
<li>Help them use a blue or grey reliever puffer, ideally with a spacer.</li>
<li>Give 4 separate puffs into the spacer, one puff at a time, with breaths after each puff.</li>
<li>Wait as directed by Asthma First Aid guidance, then repeat if symptoms continue.</li>
<li>Follow the person's asthma action plan if available.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="when-to-call-000"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-call-000">When to Call 000</a></h2>
<p>Call 000 urgently if:</p>
<ul>
<li>The person is having severe breathing difficulty</li>
<li>They cannot speak normally</li>
<li>Symptoms do not improve or quickly return</li>
<li>They are exhausted, drowsy, blue, or collapsing</li>
<li>You are unsure whether it is asthma, anaphylaxis, or another emergency</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Asthma</p>

## Asthma First Aid

- Sit the person upright and reassure them
- Use a blue or grey reliever puffer with a spacer if available
- Give 4 separate puffs, one at a time
- Wait and repeat as per Asthma First Aid guidance

---

<p class="slide-topic">Asthma</p>

## Call 000

- Call 000 if symptoms are severe
- Call if there is little or no improvement
- Call if the person is getting worse or exhausted
- Start CPR if they become unresponsive and are not breathing normally

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Recognising Choking

- Mild obstruction: casualty can cough, breathe or speak
- Severe obstruction: ineffective cough, no sound, distress or collapse
- Call 000 if obstruction is severe or worsening

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Conscious Casualty

- Encourage coughing for mild choking
- For severe choking, give up to 5 back blows
- If not cleared, give up to 5 chest thrusts
- Recheck after each blow or thrust

---

<p class="slide-topic">Choking</p>

## Unconscious Casualty

- Lower them safely and call 000
- Start CPR if not breathing normally
- Check the mouth before breaths and remove only visible material
- Do not use abdominal thrusts

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiac Conditions</p>

## Recognise

- Angina is chest discomfort from reduced blood flow to the heart
- A heart attack is prolonged heart muscle damage
- Cardiac arrest means the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally
- Chest pain, pressure, breathlessness, nausea, or sweating can be warning signs

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Cardiac conditions can range from chest pain through to cardiac arrest. First aid focuses on early recognition, calling 000, and starting CPR and AED use if the person arrests.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Condition</th>
<th>What It Means</th>
<th>First Aid Priority</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Angina</td>
<td>Chest discomfort from reduced blood flow, often relieved by rest or medicine</td>
<td>Stop activity and follow the person's plan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heart attack</td>
<td>Blocked blood flow causing heart muscle injury</td>
<td>Call 000 and monitor closely</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cardiac arrest</td>
<td>Unresponsive and not breathing normally</td>
<td>CPR and AED immediately</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="warning-signs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#warning-signs">Warning Signs</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Chest pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, or discomfort</li>
<li>Pain spreading to the arm, neck, jaw, back, or shoulder</li>
<li>Shortness of breath</li>
<li>Sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pale skin</li>
<li>Sudden collapse or loss of responsiveness</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid-for-chest-pain"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid-for-chest-pain">First Aid for Chest Pain</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Stop activity and sit the person in a comfortable position.</li>
<li>Reassure them and loosen tight clothing.</li>
<li>Help them take prescribed angina medicine if they have it.</li>
<li>Call 000 if symptoms are severe, new, prolonged, or not improving.</li>
<li>Give aspirin only if the person is not allergic, has no contraindication, and this is within your training or workplace protocol.</li>
<li>Monitor breathing and responsiveness.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="if-cardiac-arrest-occurs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#if-cardiac-arrest-occurs">If Cardiac Arrest Occurs</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Start CPR if the person is unresponsive and not breathing normally.</li>
<li>Apply an AED as soon as possible and follow its prompts.</li>
<li>Continue CPR until ambulance arrives, the AED tells you to stop, or the person shows clear signs of recovery.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiac Conditions</p>

## Chest Pain

- Stop activity, sit the person down, and reassure them
- Call 000 early for suspected heart attack
- Give aspirin only if not contraindicated and within training or protocol
- Monitor closely and prepare for CPR

---

<p class="slide-topic">Cardiac Conditions</p>

## Cardiac Arrest

- Follow DRSABCD
- Start CPR immediately if not breathing normally
- Attach an AED as soon as available
- Continue until help arrives or the person recovers

---

<p class="slide-topic">Diabetes</p>

## Recognise

- Hypoglycaemia is low blood glucose and can develop quickly
- Signs include sweating, hunger, shakiness, confusion, or weakness
- Hyperglycaemia is high blood glucose and usually develops more slowly
- Thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, or nausea may occur

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Diabetes affects how the body manages blood glucose. First aiders mainly need to recognise low glucose, support the person with their plan, and act quickly if consciousness is affected.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Problem</th>
<th>Usual Pattern</th>
<th>Common Signs</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Hypoglycaemia</td>
<td>Low glucose, often rapid onset</td>
<td>Sweaty, shaky, hungry, confused, weak, irritable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hyperglycaemia</td>
<td>High glucose, often slower onset</td>
<td>Thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, nausea, dry skin</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="first-aid-for-hypoglycaemia"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid-for-hypoglycaemia">First Aid for Hypoglycaemia</a></h2>
<p>If the person is conscious and able to swallow:</p>
<ul>
<li>Help them sit or rest.</li>
<li>Give fast-acting sugar such as glucose tablets, jelly beans, or a non-diet sweet drink.</li>
<li>Stay with them and reassess.</li>
<li>Follow their diabetes management plan if available.</li>
</ul>
<p>If they are unconscious, fitting, or unable to swallow, do not give food or drink. Follow DRSABCD and call 000.</p>
<h2 id="first-aid-for-hyperglycaemia"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid-for-hyperglycaemia">First Aid for Hyperglycaemia</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Encourage the person to check their glucose or ketones if they normally do this.</li>
<li>Help them follow their diabetes plan.</li>
<li>Seek medical advice if symptoms are worsening, prolonged, or associated with vomiting.</li>
<li>Call 000 if they become drowsy, confused, unconscious, or very unwell.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="important-limits"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#important-limits">Important Limits</a></h2>
<p>Do not give insulin as a first aider unless the person's plan specifically directs this and it is within your role and training.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Diabetes</p>

## Low Glucose

- Give fast sugar if the person is conscious and can swallow
- Use glucose tablets, sweet drink, or other quick carbohydrate
- Stay with them and reassess
- If they become unconscious, follow DRSABCD

---

<p class="slide-topic">Diabetes</p>

## High Glucose

- Encourage medical advice for worsening or prolonged symptoms
- Help the person follow their diabetes plan
- Do not give insulin as a first aider unless directed by their plan
- Call 000 if unconscious, very unwell, or deteriorating

---

<p class="slide-topic">Poisoning</p>

## Recognise

- Poisoning may occur by swallowing, breathing, skin contact, or injection
- Symptoms vary and may be delayed
- Look for containers, smells, burns, drowsiness, vomiting, or breathing problems
- Prioritise responder safety before approaching

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Poisoning can happen through swallowed substances, fumes, skin or eye exposure, bites, stings, or injected drugs. The correct action depends on the substance, amount, route, and the person's condition.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-clues"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-clues">Signs and Clues</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Empty containers, tablets, chemicals, plants, or contaminated food</li>
<li>Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhoea</li>
<li>Burns around the mouth or skin irritation</li>
<li>Drowsiness, confusion, seizures, or collapse</li>
<li>Breathing difficulty, unusual smells, or noisy breathing</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Ensure the scene is safe before approaching.</li>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 for specific advice.</li>
<li>Call 000 if the person is unconscious, not breathing normally, fitting, seriously unwell, or exposed to a dangerous chemical or gas.</li>
<li>Keep the substance container, label, plant sample, or medication packet for ambulance or medical staff.</li>
<li>For skin or eye exposure, remove contaminated clothing if safe and rinse as advised by Poisons Information or emergency services.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="do-not"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#do-not">Do Not</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not induce vomiting.</li>
<li>Do not give food, drink, or medication unless advised by Poisons Information or a healthcare professional.</li>
<li>Do not enter confined spaces or contaminated air without specialist protection.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Poisoning</p>

## First Aid

- Follow DRSABCD and move away from danger if safe
- Call Poisons Information on 13 11 26 for advice
- Call 000 if the person is unconscious, not breathing normally, or very unwell
- Keep the container or substance details for responders

---

<p class="slide-topic">Poisoning</p>

## Avoid

- Do not induce vomiting
- Do not give food or drink unless advised
- Do not enter unsafe atmospheres
- Do not delay calling for advice

---

<p class="slide-topic">Seizures</p>

## Recognise

- Seizures can involve shaking, staring, confusion, or collapse
- Breathing may be noisy or irregular during the seizure
- The person may be tired or confused afterwards
- Most seizures stop within a few minutes

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. First aid focuses on preventing injury, timing the event, and supporting breathing afterwards.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Sudden collapse or loss of awareness</li>
<li>Jerking or stiffening of the body</li>
<li>Staring, confusion, or unusual behaviour</li>
<li>Noisy, irregular, or paused breathing during the seizure</li>
<li>Drowsiness, headache, or confusion after the seizure</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Move nearby hazards away and protect the head from injury.</li>
<li>Time the seizure from the start if possible.</li>
<li>Loosen tight clothing around the neck.</li>
<li>Do not restrain the person.</li>
<li>Do not put anything in their mouth.</li>
<li>Once movements stop, check breathing and place them in the recovery position if they are unconscious and breathing normally.</li>
<li>Stay with them until fully recovered or handed over to help.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="when-to-call-000"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-to-call-000">When to Call 000</a></h2>
<p>Call 000 if:</p>
<ul>
<li>It is the person's first known seizure</li>
<li>The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes</li>
<li>Another seizure follows before full recovery</li>
<li>The person is injured, pregnant, diabetic, or has a seizure in water</li>
<li>They are not breathing normally or do not recover as expected</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Seizures</p>

## First Aid

- Protect the person from injury and move hazards away
- Time the seizure
- Do not restrain them or put anything in their mouth
- After shaking stops, check breathing and use recovery position if needed

---

<p class="slide-topic">Seizures</p>

## Call 000

- First known seizure or seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
- Repeated seizures or injury
- Pregnant, diabetic, or seizure in water
- Not breathing normally or not recovering

---

<p class="slide-topic">Stroke</p>

## Recognise FAST

- Face: check for drooping or uneven smile
- Arms: check if one arm drifts or cannot lift
- Speech: listen for slurred or confused speech
- Time: call 000 immediately

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>A stroke occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or bleeding occurs in the brain. Fast ambulance care is critical, even if symptoms seem to improve.</p>
<h2 id="fast-check"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#fast-check">FAST Check</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>FAST</th>
<th>What to Look For</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Face</td>
<td>Drooping, weakness, or uneven smile</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arms</td>
<td>One arm weak, drifting, or unable to lift</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Speech</td>
<td>Slurred, confused, or unable to speak</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Time</td>
<td>Call 000 immediately</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="other-possible-signs"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#other-possible-signs">Other Possible Signs</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Sudden weakness or numbness on one side</li>
<li>Sudden severe headache</li>
<li>Sudden vision problems</li>
<li>Dizziness, loss of balance, or trouble walking</li>
<li>Confusion or reduced level of consciousness</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Call 000 immediately for any suspected stroke.</li>
<li>Keep the person at rest and reassure them.</li>
<li>Note when symptoms started, or when they were last seen well.</li>
<li>Do not give food, drink, or medication.</li>
<li>Monitor airway, breathing, and responsiveness.</li>
<li>If unconscious and breathing normally, place them in the recovery position.</li>
<li>If not breathing normally, start CPR and use an AED.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Stroke</p>

## First Aid

- Keep the person at rest and reassure them
- Note the time symptoms started or were last normal
- Give nothing by mouth
- Monitor airway, breathing, and responsiveness

---

<p class="slide-topic">Stroke</p>

## Escalate

- Treat any FAST sign as time-critical
- Call 000 even if symptoms improve
- Place unconscious breathing casualty in recovery position
- Start CPR if not breathing normally

---

<p class="slide-topic">Childbirth</p>

## Assess And Prepare

- Call 000 for imminent birth or complications.
- Ask due date, contractions, waters, bleeding, and known complications.
- Prepare a clean, warm, private space.
- Use towels or clothing to keep mother and baby warm.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Pregnancy is usually around 40 weeks. Labour has three stages: the cervix opens, the baby is born, and the placenta is delivered.</p>
<p>Call 000 for imminent birth, abnormal bleeding, severe pain, trauma, known complications, or any concern about mother or baby.</p>
<h2 id="assessment"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#assessment">Assessment</a></h2>
<p>Ask brief questions:</p>
<ul>
<li>How many weeks pregnant are you, or what is the due date?</li>
<li>How far apart are contractions and how long do they last?</li>
<li>Have the waters broken?</li>
<li>Is there bleeding, severe headache, seizure, or major pain?</li>
<li>Are there known complications or previous difficult births?</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="prepare"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#prepare">Prepare</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Provide privacy and reassurance.</li>
<li>Help the mother into a comfortable position.</li>
<li>Prepare towels, blankets, gloves if available, and a clean area.</li>
<li>Keep the room warm and reduce unnecessary handling.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="during-birth"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#during-birth">During Birth</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Encourage the mother to breathe and push with contractions if she feels the urge.</li>
<li>Support the baby as they deliver, but do not pull.</li>
<li>If the cord is around the neck and loose, ease it gently over the head; if unsure, wait for ambulance guidance.</li>
<li>Do not cut the cord.</li>
<li>Leave the placenta attached and keep it with the baby if delivered.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="newborn-care"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#newborn-care">Newborn Care</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Dry the baby and gently stimulate by rubbing the back or feet.</li>
<li>Keep the baby warm and close to the mother if safe.</li>
<li>Ensure the airway is clear and check breathing.</li>
<li>If the baby is not breathing normally, follow emergency dispatcher instructions and begin resuscitation as trained.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Childbirth</p>

## During Birth

- Support the mother and encourage calm breathing.
- Do not pull on the baby.
- Support the head and body as they deliver.
- Leave the placenta and cord attached until help arrives.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Childbirth</p>

## Newborn Care

- Dry and stimulate the baby gently.
- Keep the baby warm, preferably skin-to-skin if safe.
- Check airway and breathing.
- Continue DRSABCD if the baby is not breathing normally.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Substance Misuse</p>

## Recognise Patterns

- Depressants can slow breathing, speech, pulse, and response.
- Stimulants can cause agitation, chest pain, overheating, or seizures.
- Mixed substances make signs less predictable.
- Treat the condition, not the label.

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Substance misuse may involve alcohol, prescription medicines, illicit drugs, inhalants, or combinations. Effects can change quickly, especially when substances are mixed.</p>
<h2 id="stimulants-and-depressants"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#stimulants-and-depressants">Stimulants And Depressants</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Possible Effects</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Stimulants</td>
<td>Agitation, fast pulse, chest pain, sweating, overheating, seizures, paranoia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Depressants</td>
<td>Drowsiness, slow breathing, poor coordination, vomiting, reduced response, unconsciousness</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Do not rely on the casualty's statement or bystander guesses. Manage what you see and keep reassessing.</p>
<h2 id="overdose-first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overdose-first-aid">Overdose First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Check for danger, including sharps, aggressive behaviour, traffic, or contaminated fluids.</li>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Call 000 for overdose, unconsciousness, breathing difficulty, chest pain, seizure, severe agitation, or uncertainty.</li>
<li>Put an unconscious casualty who is breathing normally in the recovery position.</li>
<li>Give naloxone for suspected opioid overdose if it is available and you are trained or directed to use it.</li>
<li>Do not induce vomiting.</li>
<li>Do not give food, drink, or more drugs.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="handover"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#handover">Handover</a></h2>
<p>Stay with the casualty and keep them warm, calm, and observed. Tell emergency services what substance may have been taken, the amount, time, route, and any changes in breathing or responsiveness.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Substance Misuse</p>

## Overdose Care

- Follow DRSABCD and call 000.
- Place a breathing unconscious casualty in the recovery position.
- Give naloxone for suspected opioid overdose if available and trained.
- Do not induce vomiting.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Substance Misuse</p>

## Stay Safe

- Check for hazards such as needles, violence, or traffic.
- Reassure the casualty and reduce stimulation.
- Stay with them until help arrives.
- Tell ambulance what was taken, when, and how much if known.

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hypothermia</p>

## Recognise

- Hypothermia is low core body temperature, around below 35°C
- Early signs include shivering, cold skin, clumsiness, and confusion
- Severe cases may have reduced consciousness and slow breathing
- Wet, wind, cold water, and exhaustion increase risk

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Hypothermia occurs when body temperature drops too low, typically below about 35°C. It can develop in cold weather, immersion, wind, wet clothing, or after prolonged exhaustion.</p>
<h2 id="signs-and-symptoms"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#signs-and-symptoms">Signs and Symptoms</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Shivering, cold skin, or pale appearance</li>
<li>Clumsiness, poor coordination, or stumbling</li>
<li>Slurred speech, confusion, or unusual behaviour</li>
<li>Tiredness, drowsiness, or reduced consciousness</li>
<li>Slow breathing or weak pulse in severe cases</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Move the person out of cold, wind, or wet conditions if safe.</li>
<li>Handle them gently and keep them as still as possible.</li>
<li>Remove wet clothing and replace with dry clothing or blankets.</li>
<li>Insulate the whole body, including the head and neck.</li>
<li>Move to a warm environment and give warm sweet drinks only if fully conscious and able to swallow.</li>
<li>Call 000 for severe hypothermia, reduced consciousness, worsening symptoms, or if evacuation is needed.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="do-not"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#do-not">Do Not</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not use alcohol.</li>
<li>Do not rub or massage cold limbs.</li>
<li>Do not use rapid rewarming such as hot baths or intense direct heat.</li>
<li>If the person is not breathing normally, start CPR and use an AED.</li>
</ul>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hypothermia</p>

## First Aid

- Move the person from cold, wind, and wet conditions if safe
- Handle gently and keep them lying down
- Remove wet clothing and insulate with dry layers
- Warm the environment and call 000 for severe symptoms

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hypothermia</p>

## Avoid

- Do not rapidly rewarm with hot baths or direct heat
- Do not rub or massage cold limbs
- Do not give alcohol
- Start CPR if not breathing normally

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hyperthermia</p>

## Recognise

- Heat exhaustion causes heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, and nausea
- Heat stroke is life-threatening and may cause confusion, collapse, or seizures
- Hot conditions, exertion, dehydration, and poor cooling increase risk
- Treat altered mental state in heat as heat stroke

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Hyperthermia means the body is too hot. Heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke, which is a medical emergency.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Condition</th>
<th>Key Features</th>
<th>Priority</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Heat exhaustion</td>
<td>Sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache</td>
<td>Stop activity, cool, fluids if conscious</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Heat stroke</td>
<td>Confusion, collapse, seizures, reduced consciousness, very hot body</td>
<td>Call 000 and cool aggressively</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="heat-exhaustion-first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#heat-exhaustion-first-aid">Heat Exhaustion First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Stop activity and move the person to shade or a cool area.</li>
<li>Lay them down or sit them comfortably.</li>
<li>Loosen tight clothing and cool with water, fans, or wet cloths.</li>
<li>Give cool fluids if they are conscious and able to swallow.</li>
<li>Seek medical advice if symptoms persist, worsen, or the person has risk factors.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heat-stroke-first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#heat-stroke-first-aid">Heat Stroke First Aid</a></h2>
<p>Heat stroke is life-threatening. Act fast:</p>
<ul>
<li>Call 000 immediately.</li>
<li>Cool the person aggressively using available methods.</li>
<li>Soak with water, fan continuously, and move to shade or air-conditioning.</li>
<li>Place ice packs at the neck, armpits, and groin if available.</li>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>If unconscious and breathing normally, place in the recovery position.</li>
<li>If not breathing normally, start CPR and use an AED.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="important-points"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#important-points">Important Points</a></h2>
<p>Do not wait for sweating to stop before suspecting heat stroke. Altered behaviour, collapse, or seizures in a hot environment are emergency signs.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hyperthermia</p>

## Heat Exhaustion

- Stop activity and move to shade or a cool place
- Cool with water, fans, and loosened clothing
- Give cool fluids if conscious and able to swallow
- Seek medical advice if not improving

---

<p class="slide-topic">Hyperthermia</p>

## Heat Stroke

- Call 000 immediately
- Cool aggressively with water, shade, fans, and ice packs
- Place ice packs at neck, armpits, and groin if available
- Follow DRSABCD and prepare for CPR

---

<p class="slide-topic">Drowning</p>

## Priorities

- Remove the person from water only if it is safe
- Follow DRSABCD immediately
- Call 000 for any drowning event
- Start CPR if not breathing normally

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Drowning is breathing impairment from being in or under liquid. A person may still need medical care even after they cough, breathe, or appear to recover.</p>
<h2 id="safe-rescue"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#safe-rescue">Safe Rescue</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Do not enter unsafe water unless trained and equipped.</li>
<li>Use reach, throw, or row methods where possible.</li>
<li>Remove the person from the water as soon as it is safe.</li>
<li>Protect yourself and bystanders from becoming additional casualties.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="first-aid"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#first-aid">First Aid</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Call 000.</li>
<li>Open the airway and check breathing.</li>
<li>If not breathing normally, start CPR and use an AED as soon as available.</li>
<li>Rescue breaths may be especially important after drowning; follow your training.</li>
<li>If unconscious and breathing normally, place the person in the recovery position.</li>
<li>Keep the person warm and monitor closely.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="medical-assessment"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#medical-assessment">Medical Assessment</a></h2>
<p>All drowning events need medical assessment, even if the person seems to recover. Breathing problems can develop later after water exposure.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Drowning</p>

## Resuscitation

- Open airway and check breathing
- Give rescue breaths and CPR as trained
- Use an AED as soon as available
- Continue until help arrives or the person recovers

---

<p class="slide-topic">Drowning</p>

## Aftercare

- Keep the person warm
- Monitor breathing closely
- Place unconscious breathing casualty in recovery position
- Arrange medical assessment even if they seem recovered

---

<p class="slide-topic">Envenomation</p>

## Snake Bite

- Call 000 and keep the person still
- Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage if trained and available
- Splint the limb and keep it below heart level where practical
- Do not wash, cut, suck, or use a tourniquet

Note:
<h2 id="overview"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Envenomation can come from snakes, spiders, marine stingers, insects, and other animals. First aid depends on the species and setting, so call for expert advice early when unsure.</p>
<h2 id="snake-bite"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#snake-bite">Snake Bite</a></h2>
<p>Suspected snake bite is a medical emergency.</p>
<ul>
<li>Follow DRSABCD.</li>
<li>Call 000.</li>
<li>Keep the person still and lying down.</li>
<li>Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage over the bite area and along the limb if trained and available.</li>
<li>Splint the limb to reduce movement.</li>
<li>Mark the bite site on the bandage if known.</li>
<li>Do not wash the bite, as venom traces can help identification.</li>
</ul>
<p>Do not cut, suck, wash, apply ice, or use a tourniquet.</p>
<h2 id="spider-bite"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#spider-bite">Spider Bite</a></h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Spider</th>
<th>First Aid</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Funnel-web or suspected funnel-web</td>
<td>Pressure immobilisation, keep still, call 000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Redback</td>
<td>Apply ice packs for pain and seek medical advice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unknown spider with severe symptoms</td>
<td>Call 000 or Poisons Information</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Watch for severe pain, sweating, nausea, breathing difficulty, weakness, or collapse.</p>
<h2 id="jellyfish-and-marine-stings"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#jellyfish-and-marine-stings">Jellyfish and Marine Stings</a></h2>
<p>Treatment varies by species and region:</p>
<ul>
<li>In tropical northern Australian waters, apply vinegar for suspected box jellyfish or Irukandji stings and call 000.</li>
<li>For bluebottle stings, rinse with seawater, remove tentacles carefully, and use hot water immersion if available and safe.</li>
<li>Do not rinse marine stings with fresh water unless specifically advised for that species.</li>
<li>Call 000 for breathing difficulty, collapse, severe pain, or suspected Irukandji or box jellyfish.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="when-unsure"><a aria-hidden tabindex="-1" class="heading-anchor" href="#when-unsure">When Unsure</a></h2>
<p>Call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 or 000 for urgent symptoms. Keep the person still, monitor breathing and responsiveness, and be ready to start CPR.</p>

---

<p class="slide-topic">Envenomation</p>

## Spider Bite

- Funnel-web bites need pressure immobilisation and 000
- Redback bites usually need ice packs and medical advice
- Keep the person still and monitor symptoms
- Call Poisons Information or 000 if severe or uncertain

---

<p class="slide-topic">Envenomation</p>

## Marine Stings

- Treatment varies by jellyfish and location
- In tropical areas, use vinegar for suspected box jellyfish or Irukandji
- For bluebottle, rinse with seawater and use hot water if available
- Call 000 for severe pain, collapse, breathing difficulty, or uncertainty

HLTAID014 Provide Advanced First Aid